The 19-year-old founder of Innovator Energy is keen to stress the urgency of the problem. The majority of energy is still sourced by burning fossil fuels, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere. Continuing to do so at current rates will make it impossible to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

That is, unless the act of burning fossil fuels can be cleaned up — and Novek is in the business of making that happen.

Carbon capture is not a new idea. One method, oxy-combustion, was pioneered in the late 19th century, while another, using chemical absorption, was patented in the 1930s.

“These key technology elements have a very long history at a very substantial industrial scale,” explains Niall Mac Dowell, senior lecturer at the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College, London.

In West Texas, the oil industry has used carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery since the 1960s and ’70s, he adds. It remains the most popular use for captured CO2. More recently, intrepid startups have sought to turn carbon dioxide in to gasoline and ethanol, a liquid alcohol.

Novek, a Connecticut native, is blunt in his assessment of current methods.

“Present technologies for capturing CO2, or separating emissions into pure CO2, are fundamentally flawed,” he argues. They are prohibitively expensive, Novek says, and due to being energy-intensive, somewhat counterproductive.

He claims his solution can capture over 90% of CO2 emitted by coal or natural gas power plants while operating at $5-8 per ton of carbon dioxide — substantially cheaper than other carbon capture technologies, he argues.

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“I’ve discovered a very different approach that enables the technology to be entirely powered by waste heat from a power plant — not just any waste heat, but the ultra-low temperature, worthless waste heat,” he says, referring to the thermal pollution we see evaporating from cooling towers.

Novek’s method pumps flue gas emissions through a mixture of water and aqueous ammonia. CO2 in the flue gas binds to the ammonia forming a salt, while inert gases are released. The salt is then separated with a solvent and the carbon dioxide is captured. Finally, the mixture is separated using waste heat from the power plant to render the two components insoluble, allowing the ammonia and the solvent to be decanted for re-use.

“The entire process uses non-toxic, non-volatile reagents,” Novek adds. “They’re all commodity chemicals, so very inexpensive.”

“It’s fantastic that people are innovating in this space,” says Mac Dowell, but offers the caveat that while low operating costs are a positive, any method “would need to be very quantitatively demonstrated that (it) also significantly reduces the capital cost of the CCS (carbon capture and storage) process.”

Nonetheless, he describes the work as “a small but important contribution” in the field.

Heading to market

Novek’s idea has won prizes at state and national science competitions. As a research fellow at the Elimelech Lab at Yale University, his method was peer-reviewed in 2016 and a US patent granted in April 2017. Now it’s the cornerstone of Novek’s company Innovator Energy.
The global demand for CO2 was estimated at 80 million metric tons in 2011, rising to a predicted 140 million metric tons in 2020 according to the Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute. It’s a tiny fraction of the 36 billion metric tons emitted in 2016, per the Global Carbon Project. Many academics, including Mac Dowell, advocate pumping captured carbon dioxide underground into saline aquifers; the best way, he says, to ensure it is “locked away from the climate forever.”

However, if we’re not going to lock away all captured CO2, finding valuable uses for it is imperative. Innovator Energy, for one, has proposed converting carbon dioxide into commodity chemicals.

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Scaling-up his carbon capture technology has taken the student to Norway, where he is conducting more research and testing. Novek expects to have a commercial product in two-to-three years-time, and in five anticipates greater growth of Innovator Energy’s other pursuits. To the layman the chemical engineering may sound complex, but behind the work there’s a simple intention:

“Increasing the standard of living typically involves increasing resource consumption. All my work surrounds the concept of decoupling the two,” says Novek. “I think that’s essential to making people successful in life.”

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